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The drug testing policy hampered the quality of the championship, while attempts to increase interest by hiring WCW wrestler Lex Luger as a figurehead hosting a WBF television program on USA Network , and planning to make a guest pose during the championship before being injured in a motorcycle accident and attempting to sign Lou Ferrigno who left the organization shortly after the drug testing policy was announced did not come to fruition.

The second PPV received a minuscule audience, and the WBF dissolved only one month later in July In , Joe Weider sold Weider Publications to American Media, Inc. The position of president of the IFBB was filled by Rafael Santonja following the death of Ben Weider in October In , contest promoter Wayne DeMilia broke ranks with the IFBB and AMI took over the promotion of the Mr.

Olympia contest: in AMI took the contest outright. In the early 21st century, patterns of consumption and recreation similar to those of the United States became more widespread in Europe and especially in Eastern Europe following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

This resulted in the emergence of whole new populations of bodybuilders from former Eastern Bloc states. In the early s, the IFBB was attempting to make bodybuilding an Olympic sport.

It obtained full IOC membership in and was attempting to get approved as a demonstration event at the Olympics, which would hopefully lead to it being added as a full contest.

This did not happen and Olympic recognition for bodybuilding remains controversial since many argue that bodybuilding is not a sport. The advent of social media had a profound influence on fitness and bodybuilding. It is common to see platforms such as Instagram , TikTok , and YouTube flooded with fitness-related content, changing how the average person views and interacts with fitness culture.

Gym clothing brands like Gymshark, YoungLA and Rawgear leveraged this platform to create their brands. These ambassadors, often in the form of fitness influencers or personal trainers, promote the brand by sharing their workout routines, dietary plans, and gym clothing.

YouTube in particular has seen a surge in fitness content, ranging from gym vlogs to detailed discussions on workout attire. This not only provides consumers with an abundance of free resources to aid their fitness journey, but also creates a more informed consumer base.

Another growing trend with gym-related social media is the phenomenon of gym-shaming; a video posted by content creator Jessica Fernandez on Twitch that went viral showed her lifting weights in a gym while a man in the background stared at her, sparking a widespread debate about narcissism and an increasingly toxic gym culture in the age of social media.

The video led to criticism of an emerging trend in which gyms, once known as places for focused workouts, are now being treated as filming locations for aspiring or established influencers with bystanders being unintentionally placed under the public eye in the process.

Bodybuilder Joey Swoll, who voiced his concerns over this culture, addressed the controversy by stating that while harassment in gyms needs to be addressed, the man in Fernandez's video was not guilty of it. In the modern bodybuilding industry, the term " professional " generally means a bodybuilder who has won qualifying competitions as an amateur and has earned a "pro card" from their respective organization.

Professionals earn the right to compete in competitions that include monetary prizes. A pro card also prohibits the athlete from competing in federations other than the one from which they have received the pro card.

Due to the growing concerns of the high cost, health consequences, and illegal nature of some steroids, many organizations have formed in response and have deemed themselves "natural" bodybuilding competitions.

In addition to the concerns noted, many promoters of bodybuilding have sought to shed the "freakish" perception that the general public has of bodybuilding and have successfully introduced a more mainstream audience to the sport of bodybuilding by including competitors whose physiques appear much more attainable and realistic.

In natural contests, the testing protocol ranges among organizations from lie detectors to urinalysis. Penalties also range from organization to organization from suspensions to strict bans from competition. It is also important to note that natural organizations also have their own list of banned substances and it is important to refer to each organization's website for more information about which substances are banned from competition.

These organizations either have an American or worldwide presence and are not limited to the country in which they are headquartered. Due to those who found open-bodybuilding to be "too big" or "ugly" and unhealthy, a new category was started in Like open-bodybuilding, the federations in which bodybuilders can compete are natural divisions as well as normal ones.

The main difference between the two is that men's physique competitors pose in board shorts rather than a traditional posing suit and open-bodybuilders are much larger and are more muscular than the men's physique competitors. This is the middle ground of both Men's Physique and Bodybuilding.

The competitors in this category are not nearly as big as bodybuilders but not as small as men's physique competitors. They pose and perform in men's boxer briefs to show off the legs, unlike Men's Physique which hide the legs in board shorts. Classic physique started in Danny Hester was the first classic physique Mr.

As of [update] , Chris Bumstead is the 5x reigning Mr. The female movement of the s, combined with Title IX and the all around fitness revolution, gave birth to new alternative perspectives of feminine beauty that included an athletic physique of toned muscle.

This athletic physique was found in various popular media outlets such as fashion magazines. Female bodybuilders changed the limits of traditional femininity as their bodies showed that muscles are not only just for men. The first U. Women's National Physique Championship, promoted by Henry McGhee and held in in Canton, Ohio , is generally regarded as the first true female bodybuilding contest—that is, the first contest where the entrants were judged solely on muscularity.

Olympia initially known as the "Miss" Olympia , the most prestigious contest for professionals, was held. The first winner was Rachel McLish , who had also won the NPC's USA Championship earlier in the year. The contest was a major turning point for female bodybuilding.

McLish inspired many future competitors to start training and competing. In , the documentary Pumping Iron II: The Women was released. It documented the preparation of several women for the Caesars Palace World Cup Championship.

Competitors prominently featured in the film were Kris Alexander, Lori Bowen, Lydia Cheng, Carla Dunlap, Bev Francis , and McLish. At the time, Francis was actually a powerlifter , though she soon made a successful transition to bodybuilding, becoming one of the leading competitors of the late s and early s.

The related areas of fitness and figure competition increased in popularity, surpassing that of female bodybuilding, and provided an alternative for women who choose not to develop the level of muscularity necessary for bodybuilding.

McLish would closely resemble what is thought of today as a fitness and figure competitor, instead of what is now considered a female bodybuilder. Fitness competitions also adopted gymnastic elements. Wilma Conner competed in the NPC Armbrust Pro Gym Warrior Classic Championships in Loveland, Colorado , at the age of 75 years and days.

In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders aspire to present an " aesthetically pleasing" body on stage. Each competitor also performs a personal choreographed routine to display their physique. A posedown is usually held at the end of a posing round, while judges are finishing their scoring.

Bodybuilders usually spend a lot of time practising their posing in front of mirrors or under the guidance of their coach. In contrast to strongman or powerlifting competitions, where physical strength is paramount, or to Olympic weightlifting , where the main point is equally split between strength and technique, bodybuilding competitions typically emphasize condition, size, and symmetry.

Different organizations emphasize particular aspects of competition, and sometimes have different categories in which to compete.

The general strategy adopted by most present-day competitive bodybuilders is to make muscle gains for most of the year known as the "off-season" and, approximately 12—14 weeks from competition, lose a maximum of body fat referred to as "cutting" while preserving as much muscular mass as possible.

The bulking phase entails remaining in a net positive energy balance calorie surplus. The amount of a surplus in which a person remains is based on the person's goals, as a bigger surplus and longer bulking phase will create more fat tissue.

The surplus of calories relative to one's energy balance will ensure that muscles remain in a state of anabolism. The cutting phase entails remaining in a net negative energy balance calorie deficit.

The main goal of cutting is to oxidize fat while preserving as much muscle as possible. The larger the calorie deficit, the faster one will lose weight.

However, a large calorie deficit will also create the risk of losing muscle tissue. The bulking and cutting strategy is considered effective because there is a well-established link between muscle hypertrophy and being in a state of positive energy balance.

Some gain in fat mass is expected, which athletes seek to oxidize in a cutting period while maintaining as much lean mass as possible.

The attempt to increase muscle mass in one's body without any gain in fat is called clean bulking. Competitive bodybuilders focus their efforts to achieve a peak appearance during a brief "competition season". A common tactic for keeping fat low and muscle mass high is to have higher calorie and lower calorie days to maintain a balance between gain and loss.

Many clean bulk diets start off with a moderate amount of carbs, moderate amount of protein, and a low amount of fats. Macronutrient goals carbs, fats, and proteins will be different for each person, but it is ideal to get as close as possible.

Weightlifters who attempt to gain mass quickly with no aesthetic concerns often choose to do this. Bodybuilders use three main strategies to maximize muscle hypertrophy :.

Intensive weight training causes micro-tears to the muscles being trained; this is generally known as microtrauma. These micro-tears in the muscle contribute to the soreness felt after exercise, called delayed onset muscle soreness DOMS.

It is the repair of these micro-traumas that results in muscle growth. Normally, this soreness becomes most apparent a day or two after a workout. However, as muscles become adapted to the exercises, soreness tends to decrease.

Weight training aims to build muscle by prompting two different types of hypertrophy : sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy leads to larger muscles and so is favored by bodybuilders more than myofibrillar hypertrophy, which builds athletic strength.

Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is triggered by increasing repetitions, whereas myofibrillar hypertrophy is triggered by lifting heavier weight. The high levels of muscle growth and repair achieved by bodybuilders require a specialized diet. Generally speaking, bodybuilders require more calories than the average person of the same weight to provide the protein and energy requirements needed to support their training and increase muscle mass.

In preparation of a contest, a sub-maintenance level of food energy is combined with cardiovascular exercise to lose body fat. Proteins, carbohydrates and fats are the three major macronutrients that the human body needs in order to build muscle.

Carbohydrates play an important role for bodybuilders. They give the body energy to deal with the rigors of training and recovery. Carbohydrates also promote secretion of insulin , a hormone enabling cells to get the glucose they need.

Insulin also carries amino acids into cells and promotes protein synthesis. This is important as high-glycemic carbohydrates cause a sharp insulin response, which places the body in a state where it is likely to store additional food energy as fat.

This may help to replenish glycogen stored within the muscle, and to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. The motor proteins actin and myosin generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles.

Cortisol decreases amino acid uptake by muscle and inhibits protein synthesis. Chicken, turkey, beef, pork, fish, eggs and dairy foods are high in protein, as are some nuts, seeds, beans, and lentils. Casein or whey are often used to supplement the diet with additional protein. Whey is the type of protein contained in many popular brands of protein supplements and is preferred by many bodybuilders because of its high biological value BV and quick absorption rates.

Whey protein also has a bigger effect than casein on insulin levels, triggering about double the amount of insulin release. Bodybuilders were previously thought to require protein with a higher BV than that of soy , which was additionally avoided due to its alleged estrogenic female hormone properties, though more recent studies have shown that soy actually contains phytoestrogens which compete with estrogens in the male body and can block estrogenic actions.

Some bodybuilders often split their food intake into 5 to 7 meals of equal nutritional content and eat at regular intervals e. This approach serves two purposes: to limit overindulging in the cutting phase, and to allow for the consumption of large volumes of food during the bulking phase.

Eating more frequently does not increase basal metabolic rate when compared to 3 meals a day. Well-controlled studies using whole-body calorimetry and doubly labeled water have demonstrated that there is no metabolic advantage to eating more frequently.

The important role of nutrition in building muscle and losing fat means bodybuilders may consume a wide variety of dietary supplements.

Some bodybuilders use drugs such as anabolic steroids and precursor substances such as prohormones to increase muscle hypertrophy.

Anabolic steroids cause hypertrophy of both types I and II of muscle fibers, likely caused by an increased synthesis of muscle proteins. They also provoke undesired side effects including hepatotoxicity , gynecomastia , acne , the early onset of male pattern baldness and a decline in the body's own testosterone production, which can cause testicular atrophy.

HGH is also used by female bodybuilders to obtain bigger muscles "while maintaining a 'female appearance'". Muscle growth is more difficult to achieve in older adults than younger adults because of biological aging , which leads to many metabolic changes detrimental to muscle growth; for instance, by diminishing growth hormone and testosterone levels.

Some recent clinical studies have shown that low-dose HGH treatment for adults with HGH deficiency changes the body composition by increasing muscle mass, decreasing fat mass, increasing bone density and muscle strength, improves cardiovascular parameters, and affects the quality of life without significant side effects.

In rodents, knockdown of metallothionein gene expression results in activation of the Akt pathway and increases in myotube size, in type IIb fiber hypertrophy, and ultimately in muscle strength.

Some bodybuilders inject oils or other compounds into their muscles sometimes known as "synthol" in order to enhance their size or appearance.

This practice can have serious health consequences. Although muscle stimulation occurs when lifting weights, muscle growth occurs during rest periods for up to 48 hours after the workout.

Overtraining occurs when a bodybuilder has trained to the point where their workload exceeds their recovery capacity. There are many reasons why overtraining occurs, including lack of adequate nutrition, lack of recovery time between workouts, insufficient sleep, and training at a high intensity for too long a lack of splitting apart workouts.

Training at a high intensity too frequently also stimulates the central nervous system CNS and can result in a hyperadrenergic state that interferes with sleep patterns.

Timely provision of carbohydrates , proteins , and various micronutrients such as vitamins , minerals , phytochemicals, even nutritional supplements are critical. A mental disorder, informally called bigorexia by analogy with anorexia , may account for overtraining in some individuals.

Sufferers feel as if they are never big enough or muscular enough, which forces them to overtrain in order to try to reach their goal physique. Overtraining can be used advantageously, as when a bodybuilder is purposely overtrained for a brief period of time to super compensate during a regeneration phase.

These are known as "shock micro-cycles" and were a key training technique used by Soviet athletes. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools.

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